Ukuba ufunda rhoqo malunga netekhnoloji kunye nazo zonke iindaba ezithiwe thaca, ngokuqinisekileyo kupapasho uya kube uve into ngalo CRISPR Itekhnoloji ebizelwe ukuguqula umhlaba ubulele kwinto yokuba, xa sithetha ngokubanzi, inika umntu inkululeko ebesiyifuna amashumi eminyaka, into elula njengokukwazi ukusika kunye nokuguqula imixokelelwane ye-DNA ngokuthanda kwethu, oko kuthetha ukuba.
Kule posi ndifuna nje ukuba sidibane namhlanje ukuze sithethe ngesi sihloko sitsha, itekhnoloji ethe yafunyanwa ngumfana waseAlicante kwaye, ngokweengcali kwicandelo, ayikaze ivule nto ingaphantsi kweemarike ezintsha ezixabisekileyo malunga nezigidi ezingama-46.000 zeedola. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yoku, ayothusi into yokuba ezona nkampani zinkulu zinxulumene nelizwe lezamayeza zibandakanyeke kakhulu kude naleyo, njengoko umhloli wayo egqabazile ngamanye amaxesha, I-CRISPR isinika ithemba lehlabathi elingcono.
I-CRISPR, imbali yetekhnoloji eyafunyanwa eSpain
Xa sithetha ngeCRISPR ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka sibhekise kumbhenyi wayo, UFrancis Mojica, umphandi owazalelwa kwidolophu ekufutshane kakhulu nesixeko sase-Elche owaqala ukusebenza ngesi sihloko ngexesha lophuhliso lwethisisi yakhe yobugqirha ngengcebiso yomhlohli wakhe ngo-1989.
Ngeli xesha ebomini bakhe, uFrancis Mojica oselula waqala ukufunda intsholongwane encinci ngokunyamezelana okukhulu kwityuwa ababeyifumene kwiiflethi zetyuwa, ngakumbi IHaloferx mediterranei. Sele ikhona 1993 Upapashe izigqibo zakhe zokuqala apho sifumana izingqinisiso ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yakhe yokugqibela kuba uMojica wayenayo 'Ndifumene ukulandelana okuphindayo kwi-genome yayo ekufuneka izalisekise umsebenzi obalulekileyo weseli kodwa andikaze ndiyicinge into enkulu kangaka'.
Okwangoku, izazinzulu ezininzi zibanga ukuba sele ikhona imisebenzi ngaphambi koku apho kwafunyanwa khona ezi zinto zilandelelweyo, nangona inyani, njengoko kubonisiwe, kukuba uFrancis Mojica waye kuqala ukuchonga, ukuzama kunye nokuzibiza ngamagama. Ngelishwa kwaye ngaphandle kwento yokuba olu lungelelwaniso lwalusaziwa ukuba lukhona, akukho ndlela yokuyithiya amagama sele ifunyenwe.
Kufuneka sitsibe ngoku ukuya kunyaka 2000 ukuzifumana phambi kukaFrancis Mojica owayesebenza kuphela kuphuhliso lweCRISPR. Ngeli xesha nakwiminyaka elandelayo umphandi wafumanisa ukuba zininzi izinto ezincinci, ukuba zilungisiwe, zafa. Okwangoku umphandi uthathe isigqibo sokubiza la magciwane ngokuba 'Ukudityaniswa rhoqo okuPhakathi kwePalindormic ePhindiweyo'okanye CRISPR ngesiSpanish iya kuba yinto elula njengokuthi 'idityanisiwe kwaye iphindaphindeka rhoqo kwindawo ephindaphindeneyo ye-palindromic', Inkcazo malunga nokuba zazinjani ezi microorganism.
Ngeli xesha itekhnoloji sele inalo igama nangona, kusathathe ixesha elide kuFrancis Mojica, esele ehlotyeni lika 2003, inokuchonga iinxalenye ze-vuris kwizithuba zokuphindaphinda ezithi, ngokungathandekiyo, zisebenze njenge majoni omzimba. Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu ukuya phambili, uninzi lweelebhu ezinkulu zibeke iliso kule teknoloji kwaye zaqala ukusebenza kubunzima.
Akukho nto ingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi kamva, esele ingene 2012, kuxa uCharpentier noDoudna bekwazi ukubona izinto ezincinci ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-CRISPR ukusika nokulungisa imicu ye-DNA. Ngale ndlela, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, i-CRISPR ithathwa njengeyona nkqubela phambili yobunjineli kwimfuza kuyo yonke imbali.
Yintoni iCRISPR?
Ngokomntu, ndimele ndivume ukuba andifuni ukuthetha nge-CRISPR ngaphandle kokukhankanya ibali lonke emva kokufumanisa kwayo kunye nendlela uFrancis Mojica athathwa ngayo 'iqhawe', ngamagama U-Eric Lander, ekungekho mntu uthetha ngayo kodwa, ngexesha lokusebenza nzima bebodwa, benze olu tshintsho lwemfuza lwenzeka.
Ukubuyela kumxholo osidibanisayo, sikuxelele ukuba ngokweengcali i-CRISPR luhlobo nje lomzimba wamajoni omzimba anazo iiseli zeprokaryotic. Eyona nto iyenziwayo yile nkqubo, xa ifumana isoyikiso kuyo nayiphi na intsholongwane, ezi seli zinokuguqula izinto zazo zemfuza ukuze zikhusele kolu hlobo lokuhlaselwa.
Oku kuphantse kube yintoni iCRISPR, inkcazo ukuba iiseli zeprokaryotic zilawula njani ukuzikhusela kwezi 'abahlaseli'. Nje ukuba isayensi yazi ukuba isebenza kanjani ngale ndlela, umntu uye wakwazi ukwenza izinto ebesingenakucinga ngazo ukusukela, ngokwemizekelo esetyenzisiweyo, sisebenzisa ukulandelelana kwe-RNA njengesikhokelo, sinokugonya ii-microorganisms ezibalulekileyo kwintengiso Sebenzisa, wenze uhlengahlengiso kwimfuza ebantwini ukuphelisa ezona zifo zibuhlungu abanokuzifumana kwaye nokubuyisa iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingasekhoyo.
Isisa phi le nto?
Emva kokufunyanwa kukaDoudna kunye noCharpentier, kuye kwenzeka ukubonisa, kwiilebhu zeZiko elibanzi le-MIT kule meko, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe I-CRISPR isebenza kuyo yonke into ephilayo enkulu kuneseli. Emva koku, kuthotho lwamadabi asemthethweni kwihlabathi liphela aqalileyo ekufuneka esonjululwe ukusukela, indlela ekude kube ngoku ithathwa njengeyona inempumelelo, enoqoqosho kwaye ichanekile ifunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inokuba lilifa labambalwa.
Ngokwam, kufuneka ndivume ukuba ndifunde lukhulu malunga nale teknoloji, izinto ezininzi endiziqondileyo enkosi kubantu abakwaziyo ukuchaza izinto kakuhle nabanye, isiseko samaxwebhu kwaye kwezinye iinkcukacha ndilahlekile, yintoni Andiqondi ukuba bakho abantu abathi, bejamelene nokupheliswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zezifo zemfuza kwanokuphucula amandla ethu njengabantu, basaqwalasele Lwela ukubona ukuba ngubani ofumana ilungelo lobunikazi kuyo yonke le nto kwaye kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwintlawulo ephezulu yokuba nakho ukuyisebenzisa.
Iingxaki ezinokubangelwa kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwefayile ye- CRISPR
Njengayo yonke itekhnoloji entsha, inyani kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe I-CRISPR inokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ukuba, okwangoku, asazi. Phakathi kwezo zafunyanwa kwinqanaba lethiyori, njengoko sele ipapashiwe kwiijenali ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zehlabathi, kuyacaca ukuba siyifumana isengqiqweni njengokuba injalo, ukudlala uThixo kunokukhokelela kumakhulu eenguqu ezingafunekiyo kwimfuzo eguqulweyo.
Nanini na xa kupapashwa uhlobo lwenqaku lolu hlobo, njengoko kusengqiqweni, luthwala uphando olubalulekileyo emva kwalo kwaye kwesi sihlandlo abo banoxanduva liqela lezenzululwazi elenziwe ngamalungu eYunivesithi yaseColumbia, iYunivesithi yaseIowa kunye neDyunivesithi yaseStanford abo basebenze neempuku, ngokusebenzisa i-CRISPR, zama 'baphilise'ubumfama.
Kuyabonakala ukuba kwaye ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe, nangona i-CRISPR iyi Isixhobo esichanekileyo ngokumangalisayo, abaphandi bafumanisa Utshintsho kwenye indawo kwi-genome, Into ebingalindelwanga yiyo loo nto isimanga siye saxhuma. Ngokukodwa, njengoko ipapashwe ngokusemthethweni, sithetha ngaphezulu kwe-1.500 iinguqu ezincinci kunye namakhulu okufakwa kunye nokususwa okungalindelekanga kwezinto zemvelo.
Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu azikalahli obu buchule bokuguqulwa kwemfuza, kodwa eyona nto iphosakeleyo kuko konke oku, ngokwazo, yintoni kuncinci esikwaziyo ukusebenza ngale teknoloji intsha. Ngokubhekisele kwiimpuku, ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi nguqu zincinci sele zifunyenwe, inyani kukuba zonke zisempilweni ngokweekhrayitheriya ezaziwayo zezilwanyana, Oko kukuthi, okwangoku utshintsho alukwenzi naluphi na uhlobo lwengxaki kwizilwanyana.