Yintoni ikhompyuter ye-quantum kwaye ingasisa phi?

ubungakanani beekhompyuter

Ngexesha leenyanga ezidlulileyo, kuninzi esele kuthethiwe ngako ubungakanani beekhompyuter, Itekhnoloji entsha iingcali ezininzi ezingathandabuziyo ukuyibeka njengekamva leekhompyuter, ngaphandle kwento yokuba singatsho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba sizokuphosisa ukuba isesebusaneni, oko kukuthi, kusafuneka sinikele ixesha elininzi ukwenza uphando kunye nophuhliso, ukuveliswa kweeprototypes ezintsha kunye novavanyo lwelabhoratri de sibe sinokuyisebenzisa kwezinye iintlobo zobume.

Ngaphandle koku, nangona usemninzi umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe, inyani kukuba zininzi iinkampani zetekhnoloji yenqanaba lokuqala ezizama ukufumanisa eyona ndlela yokuqalisa. Thatha isithuba kuyo yonke into esiyaziyo malunga nekhompyuter ye-quantum namhlanje. Njengeenkcukacha, ndikuxelele ukuba phakathi kweenkampani ezinkulu ezisebenza kule ndawo sifumana i-IBM, iMicrosoft okanye uGoogle, eyokugqibela kwaye ngaphandle kwendlela ekunzima ngayo ukwazi ukusebenza kwale teknoloji, ibhengezwe kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuba prototype, ebizwa ngokuba yi-D-Wave 2X, yayiyi Iphindaphindwe kalikhulu kunekhompyutha yesiqhelo.

Yintoni ikhompyutha yequantum?

Ikhompyuter ye-Quantum yitekhnoloji entsha ebizwa, njengoko besitshilo, ukuba yiyo ikamva lekhompyutha. Into yokuqala ebetha ngokukodwa ngayo kukuba, ngelixa sisebenza ngoku kubizwa ngokuba ziibits, ubuncinci beyunithi yolwazi enokuba namaxabiso amabini kuphela (zero okanye enye) kule teknoloji intsha inzima, sisebenza oko kubizwa ikubit apho kungabikho zero okanye inye kuphela, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho ukungqubana okanye ukudityaniswa kwazo zombini.

Ukucacisa oku ngcono, kufuneka sisebenzise i-physics kwaye ngakumbi, njengoko ezinye iingcali zichaza, i Umgaqo wolondolozo lwamandla, eya kuvakala ngokuqinisekileyo njengawe kwaye ichaza ukuba amandla enkqubo eyedwa ihlala igcinwa. Lo mgaqo usixelela wona, ngokomzekelo, kukuba ukuba besikwazi ukuyila inkqubo apho singabeka khona iglasi enye, akukho kungqubana kuyo, kwaye ijikeleza malunga nokujika kwesi-5 ngomzuzwana, kuba akukho Impembelelo yangaphandle, iya kuhlala ijikeleza ngesantya esifanayo.

I-D-Wave chip

Ukuqhubeka nomzekelo, cinga ukuba ngomzuzu othile, iglasi yethu yahlulwe kubini. Akukho mpembelelo yangaphandle, ke esi santya sokujika kufuneka sigcinwe. Ngale ndlela, ukuba enye yeiglasi ezimbini iyaqhubeka ijikeleza ngokujika kwesi-5 ngomzuzwana, enye ayinakujikeleza kuba ukujika bekuya kubonakala ngaphandle, into ethi ifiziksi ayinakwenzeka. Ngokusisiseko lo mgaqo usixelela ukuba ukuba siyasazi isantya sokujikeleza kwenye yeiglasi, uya kuthi ngokuzenzekelayo wazi ukuba yeyiphi enye kuba ibambene.

Nangona mhlawumbi umzekelo ungalunganga kakhulu, ndiyathemba ukuba uwuqondile, kuyasinceda ukuba sazi ukuba, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ii-qubits zinokuba liqela, inyani yile Ukwazi imeko yenye kusinceda ukuba sazi ngokuchanekileyo imeko yenye, nokuba ikude kangakanani.

Ngoku, oku kunokuba nzima ngakumbi ukusukela, kumzekelo esiwunikileyo, siyazi ukuba enye yeenqanawa ekuthethwa ngazo inejubane lokujikeleza kunye nolwalathiso, into ethi kwihlabathi le-quantum ayisekho njalo. iiyunithi ezimbini kweli hlabathi zinokuba nezantya ezininzi ezibalaseleyo kunye nezalathiso zokujikeleza, okwenzekayo kukuba, ngalo mzuzu wokulinganisa isantya, silungisa icala.

I-physum ye-Quantum isenokufumana ubunzima ngakumbi nge Ukugqagqana kwelizwe, kodwa inyani kukuba inqanaba lam le-physics lilinganiselwe, nangona ndicinga ukuba, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukuba ungumbhali we-physicist unokufumana ukungachaneki, ndicinga ukuba umbono ucacile ukuba uqhubeke nekhompyuter ye-quantum.

Nje ukuba sijongane nethiyori ebonakalayo okomzuzwana, lixesha lokuba siqhubeke nekhompyuter ye-quantum kunye ne-qubits ukuya kuyo Qonda ukuba kutheni le teknoloji inokuba namandla. Khawufane ucinge ukuba sine-qubits, njengoko besesiphawulile ngaphambili, inyani yokuba, umzekelo, ukujika ikota enye yokujika kunokubangela ukujikeleza nkqo nangokuthe tye ukutshintsha, okusinika isiphumo sokuba, ngokufaka igalelo, sifumana iziphumo ezimbini.

Ukuba ingxaki siyenza nzima nangakumbi ngokongeza i-qubit entsha kwi-equation, sinokuthi umntu ngamnye abe namazwe aliqela, useto lwayo oluthe nkqo noluthe tyaba kunye nokuma ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe tye kwenye i-qubit, ngoku ngokuguqula enye yazo Ikota yokujika Iiparamitha ezine zilungisiwe, oko kuthetha ukuba, ngegalelo, kungenziwa imisebenzi emine.

Ngokongeza ii-qubits ezintsha ekusebenzeni, inokukhula ngokucacileyo ngokubhekisele kwimisebenzi eyenziwayo kunye nesenzo esinye sokungena. Khawufane ucinge ukuba sifumana inkqubo apho sinee-qubits apho n linani olikhetha ngokungacwangciswanga, njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, i-qubit igcina ulwazi malunga nokuma kwayo ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe tye kunye nazo zonke ii-qubits zenkqubo, ke ngenguqu esinokufika kuyo yenza imisebenzi emibini yokunyusa.

Ukushiya yonke lethiyori ecaleni kancinci kwaye uyenze yonke le nto uyenzayo, cinga ukuba uyakwazi ukwenza isitshixo se-WPA2-PSK kwisiginali yakho ye-WiFi, eli qhosha lenziwe ngokungacwangciswanga ngaphandle kwamagama okwenyani kwaye akukho nkqubo kwihlabathi elinakho ukwenza Uhlaselo lwesichazi-magama luyakwazi. Ngokucacileyo nangokutsho kweengcali, zisebenzisa igama elinegama lokugqitha elineempawu ezili-10, ikhompyuter eqhelekileyo inokuthatha iminyaka emininzi ihlasela ngamandla. Ukuba le khompyuter, endaweni yokuba ibe sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo, isebenzisa ikhompyuter ye-quantum, kungathatha imizuzwana eliqela ekufumaneni isisombululo.

Iphi ikhompyuter ye-quantum esisa khona?

Inyani yile yokuba okwangoku akukho mntu waziyo ukuba silindele ntoni kwitekhnoloji njengenoveli enje, nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi eyona ndlela yokuqonda ukuba sikuphi namhlanje ukuzama ukuthetha ngazo zonke iindaba ezenziwa ziinkampani ezinkulu zetekhnoloji thaca kwiinyanga nje ezidlulileyo.amaqela abaphandi asebenza ngokungakhathali kuphuhliso kunye nokudaleka kwekhompyuter ye-quantum kokubini kwinqanaba lehardware kunye nesoftware.

Ngokwmisebenzi yamva nje apho Uphando Uhlomle kuhlobo oluthile lwento entsha, kweli candelo sifumanisa ukuba banethemba lokuba yinkampani eneyona nto inamandla ngokwekhompyuter ye-quantum kwixesha elifutshane. Injalo imeko yokuba banethemba lokufikelela kweli nyathelo lokuqala kulo nyaka we-2017 ngenxa yokuvela kwe-D-Wave yabo enomdla, esandula kufumana entsha zintandathu qubit chip.

Chip

Ukuba siyaqhubeka nopapasho lwamva nje lwabafana abasuka kuGoogle, sifumanisa ukuba eli linyathelo lokuqala ukusukela oko, kuyacaca ukuba, bakwazile ukuphuhlisa indlela entsha yokuvelisa eya kubavumela, okanye ubuncinci uJohn Martinis ubonakalisile ngale ndlela. , intloko yeqela lophando likaGoogle kwikhompyuter ye-quantum, iguquka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Oku kuvumela ukuba basebenze namhlanje kuyilo olutsha lwe-chip phakathi kwama-30 ukuya kuma-50 qubits.

Kwelinye icala, uGoogle akalibali ukuba nokuba ungafumana amandla e-Hardware kangakanani, ufuna i isoftwe oko kunokuba ngoku, kwaye unikwe ulwazi lolu hlobo lwenkqubo, okwangoku asazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba singaluphuhlisa njani ulwimi olunokusebenzisa zonke izinto ezizodwa zale teknoloji, nangona, kancinci kancinci, Kukwenzeka ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo amatsha kule ndima enokuba neziphumo ezizodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwizihloko ezinje ngokhuseleko, ukubhalwa kweekhompyuter okanye ubukrelekrele bokuzenzela.

Ukushiya uGoogle ecaleni kufuneka siqhubeke nokuthetha IBMInkampani, mhlawumbi engahambi edabini kunye nenkqubela phambili yayo kwaye inokubonakala ngathi iyahamba 'ngendlela yazo' kodwa yona iqhubela phambili ngokubonakalayo, umzekelo, kumbono wokufumana zonke iintlobo zabaphuhlisi ukubandakanyeka. Nguye kanye kanye umbono ka Yenza a webhsayithi apho nawuphi na umsebenzisi anokubeka khona i-chip ye-qubit ezintlanu kuvavanyo.

Ewe Microsoft, Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo besinolwazi lokuba basasebenza kwindlela yabo ekhethekileyo yokuqonda ikhompyuter ye-quantum, ukubheja kwindlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kuleyo ithathwe ziimbangi kolu luhlanga lukhethekileyo njengeGoogle okanye IBM. Umbono ophambili yayikukusebenza kunye Ikhompyuter ye-quantum enokutsha. Ukuphuhlisa olu luvo, inkampani yayiqeshe abaphandi abaziwayo ukuba baphuhlise oko kubizwa ngokuba qubits zezobugcisa, Inkqubo esekwe kukuphambana kwamasuntswana abizwa ngokuba yi-anyones athi ngokwe-physics abekhona kuphela kumacala amabini.

Ndingathanda ukuwuphelisa umbono abanayo Intel. IYunivesithi yaseBristol kunye neNkampani ye-NTT Ukusuka apho bakwazi ukuphuhlisa i-chip ye-photonic chip enokuba sisiseko sokwenza izinto ezininzi kwiikhompyuter ze-quantum. Njengeenkcukacha, ndikuxelele ukuba ngokwabo banoxanduva, enkosi ekusebenziseni le chip intsha, imisebenzi ethe yathatha unyaka wonke inokwenziwa ngeeyure nje ezimbalwa, into ebonisa inqanaba lokuntsonkotha okufanayo kwaye ngakumbi amandla ayo.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukwenziwa kwezinto ezincinci, inkqubo yokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nezinye izinto zisasetyenzwa ukufezekisa, unyaka nonyaka, ukuze zikwazi ukuvela kwaye zinikeze iikhompyuter ezinamandla amakhulu, inyani kukuba ikamva kukuzisa obu buchwephesha kuwo onke amakhaya. Kuhlala kubonakala ukuba uGoogle uyakwazi ukuphatha i-chip ye-qubit eyi-50 ukuphela kwalo nyaka, nangona kufuneka siqonde ukuba olu didi lweenkampani iingcali zokwenza ngomso into esicinga ukuba ayinakwenzeka namhlanje.


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