Ezinyangeni ezedlule, kuningi osekushiwo ngalo i-quantum computing, ubuchwepheshe obusha ochwepheshe abaningi abanganqikazi ukububeka njengekusasa lamakhompiyutha, yize singasho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi sizobe sinephutha ukuthi kusesencane, okungukuthi, kusamele sinikele ngesikhathi esiningi ukucwaninga nokuthuthuka, ukwenziwa kwama-prototypes amasha kanye nokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri size sikwazi ukuyisebenzisa nakwezinye izinhlobo zezindawo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, yize usemningi umsebenzi okusamele wenziwe, iqiniso ukuthi kunezinkampani eziningi zobuchwepheshe bezinga lokuqala ezizama ukuthola indlela engcono yokuqala ngayo ukusizakala kukho konke esikwaziyo mayelana ne-quantum computing namuhla. Njengemininingwane, ngikutshele ukuthi phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu ezisebenza kulo mkhakha sithola i-IBM, iMicrosoft noma iGoogle, eyokugcina futhi yize kunzima kangakanani ukwazi ukusebenza kwamanje kwalobu buchwepheshe, kumenyezelwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ukuthi prototype, ebizwa nge-D-Wave 2X, bekuyi Iphindwe kayikhulu kunekhompyutha ejwayelekile.
Yini i-quantum computing?
I-Quantum computing ubuchwepheshe obusha obubizwa, njengoba sishilo, ukuba yi ikusasa lekhompyutha. Into yokuqala ehlaba umxhwele ngayo ukuthi, ngenkathi okwamanje sisebenza nalokho okuthiwa ama-bits, iyunithi elincane lemininingwane elingaba namanani amabili kuphela (uziro noma elilodwa) kulobu buchwepheshe obusha nobunzima, sisebenza okuthiwa iqubits lapho kungabi khona u-zero noma eyodwa kuphela, kepha futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuhlangana noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Ukuze sikuchaze kangcono lokhu, kufanele sisebenzise i-physics futhi ikakhulukazi, njengoba kuchaza abanye ochwepheshe, i- umgomo wokongiwa kwamandla, okuzozwakala njengawe futhi okuchaza ukuthi amandla ohlelo olukude alondolozwa njalo. Lokhu okusitshelwa yilo mgomo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi uma besikwazi ukwakha uhlelo lapho besingabeka khona ingilazi eyodwa kuphela, akukho ukungqubuzana kuyo, futhi ijikeleza cishe ukujika okungu-5 ngomzuzwana, ngoba akukho ithonya langaphandle, lihlala liphenduka ngejubane elifanayo.
Ukuqhubeka nesibonelo, ake ucabange ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile, ingilazi yethu ihlukaniswe kabili. Alisekho ithonya langaphandle, ngakho-ke lelijubane lokujika kufanele ligcinwe. Ngale ndlela, uma enye yezingilazi zombili iqhubeka nokuzungeza ngokujika okungu-5 ngomzuzwana, enye ayikwazi ukuzungeza ngoba ukujika bekuyovela ngokungazelele, into ethi i-physics ayikwazi ukwenzeka. Ngokuyisisekelo lo mthetho usitshela ukuthi uma sazi ijubane lokujikeleza kwesinye sezingilazi, uzokwazi ngokuzenzakalela ukuthi yikuphi okunye ngoba kuhlangene.
Noma mhlawumbe isibonelo asisihle kakhulu, ngiyethemba usizwile, kuyasisiza ukwazi ukuthi, yize izifundazwe zama-qubits zingaba ziningi, iqiniso ukuthi Ukwazi isimo sesinye kusisiza ukuthi sazi kahle isimo sesinye, noma ngabe ikude kangakanani.
Manje, lokhu sekuzoba nzima ngokwengeziwe ngoba, esibonelweni esisinikezile, siyazi ukuthi enye yemikhumbi okukhulunywa ngayo inejubane elithile lokujikeleza nokuqondisa, into emhlabeni we-quantum ayisekho kanjalo. amayunithi amabili kulo mhlaba angaba nesivinini esiphezulu kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zokujikeleza, okwenzekayo ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokukala isivinini, silungisa indlela.
I-quantum physics isengaba nzima kakhulu nge ukugqagqana kombuso, kepha iqiniso ukuthi izinga lami le-physics lilinganiselwe kancane, yize ngicabanga ukuthi, yize ngabe ungusosayensi ungathola ukunganembi okuthile, ngicabanga ukuthi umqondo ucacile ngokuqhubeka nekhompyutha ye-quantum.
Lapho sesikhulume ngombono womzimba okwesikhashana, sekuyisikhathi sokuqhubeka ngekhompyutha ye-quantum kanye ne-qubits to qonda ukuthi kungani lobu buchwepheshe bungaba namandla amakhulu kangaka. Cabanga nje ukuthi sine-qubits, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, iqiniso lokuthi, ukwenza isibonelo, ukuguqula ikota elilodwa lokuphenduka kungadala ukujikeleza okuqondile nokuvundlile, okusinika umphumela wokuthi, ngokusebenza kokufaka , sithola imiphumela emibili.
Uma senza inkinga ibe nzima ngokwengeziwe ngokungeza i-qubit entsha ku-equation, sinokuthi ngasinye sinamazwe amaningana, i-oscillation yayo eqondile neqondile kanye ne-oscillation eqondile neqondile yenye i-qubit, manje, ngokuguqula esinye sazo Ukuphenduka kwekota Imingcele emine iyashintshwa, okusho ukuthi, ngesenzo sokufaka, kungenziwa imisebenzi emine.
Ngokungeza ama-qubits amasha ekusebenzeni, ingakhula ngokwandayo ngokusebenza okwenziwa ngesenzo esisodwa sokungena. Cabanga ukuthi sithola uhlelo lapho sine-nububits lapho i-n iyinombolo oyikhetha ngokungahleliwe, njengoba sike saphawula ngaphambili, i-qubit igcina imininingwane mayelana nokuqothuka kwayo okuqondile nokuqondile kanye nalawo wonke ama-qubits ohlelo, ngakho-ke ngenguquko esingafika kuyo yenza imisebenzi emibili yokuphakamisa.
Ukushiya yonke le mbono eceleni kancane bese wenza konke lokhu, cabanga ukuthi uyakwazi ukudala ukhiye we-WPA2-PSK wesiginali yakho ye-WiFi, lo khiye ukhiqizwe ngokungahleliwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwamagama angempela futhi alukho uhlelo emhlabeni olukwazi ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kwesichazamazwi kungakwazi. Ngokusobala nangokuya kochwepheshe, usebenzisa iphasiwedi enezinhlamvu eziyi-10, ikhompyutha ejwayelekile ingathatha iminyaka eminingi ehlasela ngamandla. Uma le khompyutha, esikhundleni sokuba yimishini ejwayelekile, isebenzisa i-quantum computing, kungathatha imizuzwana eminingana ekutholeni isisombululo.
Ngabe i-quantum computing isithatha kuphi?
Iqiniso ukuthi okwamanje akekho owaziyo ukuthi yini okufanele siyilindele kubuchwepheshe obuyinoveli njengale, noma kunjalo, mhlawumbe indlela engcono yokuqonda ukuthi sikuphi namuhla ukuzama ukukhuluma ngazo zonke izindaba izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ezinazo yethulwe ezinyangeni ezedlule.amaqembu abacwaningi asebenza ngokungakhathali ekwakhiweni nasekuguqukeni kwe-quantum computing kokubili kumazinga wehadiwe nesoftware.
Ngokusho kwemisebenzi yakamuva lapho -Google Uphawule ngohlobo oluthile lwento entsha, kulo mkhakha sithola ukuthi banethemba lokuthi bazoba yinkampani enamandla amakhulu ngokwe-quantum computing esikhathini esifushane. Kunjalo-ke nethemba lokuthi bazofinyelela kulesi sinyathelo sokuqala kulo nyaka we-2017 ngenxa yokuvela kwe-D-Wave yabo emangalisayo, esanda kuthola okusha i-chip eziyisithupha ze-qubit.
Uma siqhubeka nokwakamuva okushicilelwe ngabafana abavela kwaGoogle, sithola ukuthi lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela ngoba, ngokusobala, bakwazile ukwenza indlela entsha yokukhiqiza ezobavumela, noma okungenani uJohn Martinis uzwakalise ngale ndlela. , Inhloko yeqembu locwaningo le-Google kwikhompyutha ye-quantum, iguquka ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi basebenze namuhla kumiklamo emisha ye-chip ye- ama-qubits aphakathi kwama-30 nama-50.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iGoogle ayikhohlwa ukuthi noma ngabe ungathola amandla amangakanani wehadiwe, udinga i- isofthiwe okungaba sezingeni elilodwa futhi, uma unikezwe ubuchwepheshe balolu hlobo lohlelo, okwamanje asazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi singaluthuthukisa kanjani ulimi olukwazi ukusizakala ngazo zonke izici zalobu buchwepheshe, yize, kancane kancane futhi kutholakala ukuthatha izinyathelo ezintsha kulo mkhakha ezingaba nemiphumela ekhethekile futhi zisetshenziswe ezihlokweni ezinjengokuphepha, i-cryptography noma ubuhlakani bokufakelwa.
Ukushiya i-Google eceleni kufanele siqhubeke sikhulume ngakho IBM, inkampani okungenzeka ukuthi kaningi ayingeni empini ngentuthuko yayo futhi engabonakala ngathi ihamba 'ngendlela yabo' kepha yenza intuthuko emangalisayo ngokubonga, ngokwesibonelo, emcabangweni wokuthola zonke izinhlobo zonjiniyela abathintekayo. Umqondo wakhe uqobo yakha iwebhusayithi lapho noma yimuphi umsebenzisi angafaka khona ama-qubit chip awo amahlanu esivivinyweni.
Kepha Microsoft, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule besinolwazi lokuthi basasebenza ngendlela yabo ehlukile yokuqonda i-quantum computing, ukubheja ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele kuleyo ethathwe izimbangi kulo mjaho oyingqayizivele njengeGoogle noma IBM. Umqondo omkhulu bekuwukusebenzisana ne ikhompiyutha ye-quantum engahlukeki. Ukuthuthukisa lo mbono, inkampani yayiqashe abacwaningi abaningana abaziwayo ukuthuthukisa lokho okuthiwa ama-topub qubits, uhlelo olususelwa ekuhlukaneni kwezinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-anyones athi ngokwe-physics atholakala kuphela ngezilinganiso ezimbili.
Ekugcineni ngithanda ukuqeda umbono abanawo Intel, lapho babheja ngqo ekusetshenzisweni kwama-silicon transistors nakulobu buchwepheshe obusha noma iphrojekthi ethokozisayo eyenziwe nokwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela yi I-University of Bristol ne-NTT Inkampani Ukusuka lapho bakwazile ukwenza i-chip photonic engaba yisisekelo semisebenzi eminingi ekusebenzisaneni kwekhompyutha ye-quantum. Ngokuningiliziwe, ngikutshele ukuthi ngokusho kwalabo abaphethe, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwale chip entsha, imisebenzi kuze kube manje ethathe unyaka wonke ingenziwa ngamahora ambalwa nje, into ekhombisa izinga lokuxakaniseka okufanayo ikakhulukazi amandla ayo asabekayo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-miniaturization, inqubo yokwenza kahle nezinye izinto kusasetshenzelwa ukufezekisa, unyaka nonyaka, ukukwazi ukuvela nokuhlinzeka ngamakhompyutha anamandla amakhulu, iqiniso ukuthi ikusasa liletha lobu buchwepheshe kuwo wonke amakhaya. Kusazobonwa ukuthi iGoogle ikwazi ngempela yini ukwenza i-50-qubit chip ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka, noma kunjalo kufanele sazi ukuthi lesi sigaba sezinkampani ochwepheshe ekwenzeni kusasa lokho esikucabangayo ukuthi akunakwenzeka namuhla.